研究者詳細 - 小林　峻

論文 - 小林　峻

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沖縄島北部におけるバーバートカゲPlestiodon barbouri (爬虫綱: 有隣目: トカゲ科) とオキナワトカゲP. marginatusの生息環境の比較

白数慎太郎,戸田守,小林峻

沖縄生物学会誌 ( 沖縄生物学会 ) 63 1 - 10 2025年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

An attempt at age estimation of the Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata using tooth wear analysis: first report on the difference in molar wear patterns between rats in Okinawajima and Amami-Oshima Islands

Nakanishi N., Tubasaka Y., Sawanaka I., Kondo K., Kobayashi S., Izawa M., Hayashi S.

Mammal Study 2025年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Tire-road-wear-particles and glass beads in gizzard of endangered terrestrial bird, Okinawa rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae)

Yamahara S., Kobayashi S., Shiino F., Ishikawa I., Miyagi T., Nakata H.

Environmental Science & Technology 2025年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Pollination system of Mucuna thailandica (Fabaceae), a species endemic to Thailand

Kobayashi S., Panha S., Nantarat N., Chaiphichet K., Choosa-nga P., Higashi T., Denda T., Izawa M.

Mammal Study 50 ( 1 ) 83 - 89 2025年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Record of the nesting process of the Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata (Muridae: Rodentia) and newborn predation by the habu snake Protobothrops flavoviridis (Squamata: Viperidae)

Higashi T., Kobayashi S.

Mammal Study 2025年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Microhabitat uses by invasive green anole Anolis carolinensis and native lizards on Zamami-jima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Kobayashi S., Ohtsuka T., Toda M.

Current Herpetology 44 ( 1 ) 24 - 36 2025年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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沖縄島北部におけるケナガネズミDiplothrix legata (ネズミ科) の巣材と利用樹洞の特徴

大和直暉,小高信彦,高嶋敦史,中田勝士,久高奈津子,久高将洋,小林峻

哺乳類科学 ( 日本哺乳類学会 ) 64 ( 2 ) 215 - 225 2024年07月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

本研究では沖縄島，徳之島，奄美大島に固有のケナガネズミDiplothrix legataが巣材として利用した枝と樹洞の特徴を明らかにすることを目的とした．本種は樹洞に枝を運び込み巣や休息場所として利用する．沖縄島北部の森林において，本種による樹洞利用を確認し，その樹洞から利用した枝や葉を採集して，樹種名，樹洞の大きさ，利用した枝の形状を記録した．その結果，ケナガネズミが利用した樹洞から出現した枝の樹種は，沖縄島北部の森林における優占種のスダジイCastanopsis sieboldiiが最も多く，生葉がついた枝もついていない枝も確認された．また，枝には斜めの切り口があり，樹洞内に運び込まれていた枝の長さは50～544 mmであった．クマネズミRattus rattusが枝を切断した場合も斜めの切り口ができるが，小笠原諸島父島で採集したクマネズミが切り落とした枝よりも，ケナガネズミが利用した樹洞から出現した枝の方が長く，断面積や太さも大きい傾向があった．そのため，樹洞から出現し，切り口が斜めで，枝の長さが16 cm以上，枝の切り口の断面積が30 mm2以上，あるいは枝の直径が5.6 mm以上の場合，ケナガネズミが切り落とした枝と推定できると考えられる．本種が利用した樹洞は，ほとんどが枝折れや幹こすれが原因で形成された自然樹洞であったが，ノグチゲラDendrocopos noguchiiの古巣も利用していた．利用樹洞はスダジイに形成されたものが最も多く，胸高直径は28.9 cm以上の大型の樹木であった．本種の本来の生息地は，大型の樹洞が形成されるような大径木の存在する成熟した森林であると考えられる．

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ヤエヤマイシガメMauremys mutica kami (カメ目: イシガメ科) によるオオバギMacaranga tanarius (トウダイグサ科) の種子散布の可能性

松川夕華,小林峻

沖縄生物学会誌 ( 沖縄生物学会 ) 62 59 - 63 2024年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Omnivorous food habits of the endangered Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata (Muridae) estimated using the DNA metabarcoding method

Kobayashi S., Sato Y., Izawa M.

Mammal Study 50 2024年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Evolution of a non-flying mammal-dependent pollination system in Asian Mucuna (Fabaceae)

Kobayashi, S

PLANT BIOLOGY ( Plant Biology ) 25 ( 6 ) 833 - 841 2023年07月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Pollinator shifts are often related to speciation in angiosperms, and the relationship between them has been discussed in several plant taxa. Although limited information on plants pollinated by non‐flying mammals in Central and South America and Africa is available, related research has not been conducted in Asia. Herein, I summarize the available knowledge of pollination in Asian Mucuna (Fabaceae), a genus mainly distributed in the tropics, and discuss the evolution of plants pollinated by non‐flying mammals in Asia. Nineteen pollinator species have been recorded and pollination systems have been categorized into four types. An examination of the relationship between Mucuna species and their pollinators from the lineage perspective revealed that all species in Mucuna, subgenus Macrocarpa, which are distributed in Asia, are pollinated exclusively by non‐flying mammals. Additionally, plants pollinated by non‐flying mammals were found to have diverged from bat‐pollinated and non‐flying mammal‐pollinated plants, while plants pollinated by non‐flying mammals have evolved multiple times. This is a unique example of evolutionary transition. I hypothesize that the diversification of squirrel species in tropical Asia may have led to the speciation and diversification of Mucuna in Asia. Furthermore, the behavioural and ecological characteristics of bats and birds in Asia differ from the characteristics of those in other regions, implying that Asian Mucuna species do not rely on bat or bird pollinators. The adaptation of floral characteristics to pollinators is not well understood in Asia. Mammal‐pollinated plants in Asia may have evolved differently from those in other regions and have unique pollination systems.

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Quantitative chemical analysis of defensive secretion of Megacrania tsudai (Phasmatidae) and effect of actinidine on its potential predators

Kobayashi S., Arimitsu S., Takaoka C., Ono T., Izawa M.

Journal of Chemical Ecology 2023年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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サイエンティフィックイラストレーション制作におけるサイエンスコミュニケーション―「ヤンバルクイナGallirallus okinawaeの生態」の制作を実例に―

裘夢雲,小林峻,中谷裕美子,森香織,木村政司

日本サイエンスコミュニケーション協会誌 ( 日本サイエンスコミュニケーション協会 ) 13 ( 1 ) 46 - 53 2023年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

A record of predation of a juvenile Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata (Muridae: Rodentia) by a jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos (Corvidae: Passeriformes) and related nest movement

Higashi, T; Kobayashi, S

MAMMAL STUDY ( Mammal Study ) 48 ( 2 ) 137 - 141 2023年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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琉球列島座間味島におけるヒメマルゴキブリPerisphaerus pygmaeus Karny, 1915 (ゴキブリ目: オオゴキブリ科) の初記録

小林峻

沖縄生物学会誌 ( 沖縄生物学会 ) 61 65 - 68 2023年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Defensive Secretion of Megacrania tsudai (Phasmatidae) and Effect of Actinidine on its Potential Predators

Kobayashi, S; Arimitsu, S; Takaoka, C; Ono, T; Izawa, M

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY ( Journal of Chemical Ecology ) 49 ( 9-10 ) 537 - 548 2023年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Insects avoid predation in various ways, and some use multiple ways to avoid predation. However, the effects of comprehensive avoidance methods and the differences in avoidance methods among different life stages of insects have not been sufficiently discussed. The big head stick insect Megacrania tsudai uses background matching as its primary defense and chemical defense as its secondary defense. The aims of this study were to identify and isolate the chemical components of M. tsudai using repeatable methods, determine the amount of the main chemical compound, and reveal the effect of the main chemical compound on its predators. We established a repeatable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method to identify the chemical compounds of these secretions, and identified actinidine as the main compound. Actinidine was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the amount of actinidine in each instar was calculated by constructing a calibration curve using pure actinidine. Mass ratios did not drastically change among instars. Furthermore, experiments involving dropping an aqueous solution of actinidine demonstrated removal behavior in geckos, frogs, and spiders. These results indicated that M. tsudai conducts secondary defenses using defensive secretions consisting mainly of actinidine.

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Food Habits of the Taiwan Beauty Snake, Elaphe taeniura friesi, as an Introduced Species on Okinawajima Island

Asato H.

Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ　ｈｅｒｐｅｔｏｌｏｇｙ ( 日本爬虫両棲類学会 ) 41 ( 2 ) 205 - 214 2022年08月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The Taiwan beauty snake, Elaphe taeniura friesi, has established a stable population in the central part of Okinawajima Island, and there are concerns about the negative effects of the snakes’ predation on the native fauna. Thus, we examined the stomachs of 239 E. t. friesi specimens collected on Okinawajima Island from July 2018 to November 2019. Stomach contents were identified to the species level whenever possible based on morphological observations and/or DNA analyses. Of the 239 snake specimens, 39 (12 males, 16 females, and 11 juveniles) had contents in their stomach, including 67 prey items, 75% of which were mammals (Muridae and Soricidae) and the rest of which were birds (Pycnonotidae, Cisticolidae, and Columbidae). Rattus rattus occurred most frequently; 25 of the 39 snakes examined had this species in their stomachs. All avian prey items detected were nestlings and eggs. Twelve snakes had multiple prey items in their stomach, including in most cases either nestlings of passerine birds or infants or subadults of R. rattus. Therefore, E. t. friesi is an endotherm consumer that occasionally preys on nestlings and infant rats. These food habits suggested that E. t. friesi uses various habitats, from the humus layer on the ground to the branches of trees, for foraging. Several endangered endemic rodent and bird species exist in the northern area of Okinawajima Island; thus, our results provide a warning about potential negative impact on such animals when E. t. friesi expands its range to the northern part of the island.

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First record of the black-bearded tomb bat Taphozous melanopogon Temminck, 1841 (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) from Japan

Kobayashi, S; Maeda, K; Tamura, H; Izawa, M

MAMMAL STUDY ( Mammal Study ) 47 ( 4 ) 261 - 264 2022年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Effect of spraying behavior and body size on predators of the big head stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae)

Kobayashi Shun, Takaoka Chihaya, Tanimoto Hiromu, Arimitsu Satoru, Izawa Masako

ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE ( Entomological Science ) 25 ( 2 ) 2022年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Mammal and bird species using cavities among forests of different ages on Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Kobayashi Shun, Kotaka Nobuhiko, Nakata Katsushi, Takashima Atsushi

JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH ( Journal of Forest Research ) 27 ( 6 ) 439 - 449 2022年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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南大東島における外来種ニホンイタチ (哺乳綱: 食肉目: イタチ科) の分布と食性

小林峻, 金城道男,仲地学, 伊澤雅子, 中谷裕美子, 長嶺隆

沖縄生物学会誌 ( 沖縄生物学会 ) 60 43 - 52 2022年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

南大東島に導入されたニホンイタチMustela itatsiの2000年から2021年までの生息状況について整理した．自動撮影カメラ調査の結果および目撃情報から，ニホンイタチは南大東島に定着し，島内に広く生息していると考えられた．また，自然分布地よりも日中に活動している可能性がある．胃内容物分析から，様々な分類群の動物が出現したが，導入直後の糞内容物分析結果とは異なっていた．南大東島の固有生物相の保全のために，本種の防除策が必要であると考えられる．

First record of non-flying mammalian contributors to pollination in a tropical montane forest in Asia

Kobayashi Shun, Panha Somsak, Seesamut Teerapong, Nantarat Nattawadee, Likhitrakarn Natdanai, Denda Tetsuo, Izawa Masako

ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION ( Ecology and Evolution ) 11 ( 24 ) 17604 - 17608 2021年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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An attempt of the predation avoidance mechanism of Tsuda’s giant stick insect, Megacrania tsudai (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae), based on the spectral reflectance of the insect and a Pandanus odoratissimus leaf

Kajiwara Y., Kobayashi S., Mochida K., Fujimoto S., Yamahira K., Izawa M. (担当範囲: データの収集、執筆)

The Biological Magazine, Okinawa ( 沖縄生物学会 ) 59 51 - 56 2021年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Flower visitors of Parkia sumatrana (Leguminosae) in northeastern Thailand

Kobayashi S., Panha S., Placksanoi J., Waengsothorn S., Denda T., Izawa M. (担当範囲: データの収集、解析、執筆)

Tropical Natural History 21 200 - 208 2021年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Rat- and bat-pollination of Mucuna championii (Fabaceae) in Hong Kong

Kobayashi S., Gale S. W., Denda T., Izawa M. (担当範囲: データの収集、解析、執筆)

Plant Species Biology 36 84 - 93 2021年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mucuna (Fabaceae) species possess gullet-type flowers that open explosively and which are thought to be specifically adapted for bat- or bird-pollination. However, recent studies have shown that non-flying mammals are also important pollinators of this genus in Asia. Here we report on the pollination system of Mucuna championii (endemic in southeast China) in Hong Kong. As is typical for the genus, explosive opening is essential for fruit set, but flowers are unable to open in the absence of manipulation by an effective pollinator. Camera trap surveys of three individuals revealed both chestnut spiny rats (Niviventer fulvescens) and short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx) to be capable of triggering explosive opening. The number of flowers opened by each species did not differ significantly, and both removed most pollen grains from the flowers they visited, but either species visited different individuals. Sucrose-rich nectar was secreted by flowers throughout the day. Our results reveal that M. championii can be pollinated by both rats and bats, with this representing only the second report of rat-pollination in tropical Asia. The sympatric M. birdwoodiana of ten occurs in close proximity to M. championiiand has an overlapping flowering season, suggesting that pollinator segregation may have played a role in shaping the evolutionary ecology of these two species.

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Flower Visitors of Parkia sumatrana (Leguminosae) in Northeastern Thailand

Kobayashi S.

Tropical Natural History ( Tropical Natural History ) 21 ( 1 ) 200 - 208 2021年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Activity pattern and resource use of two Callosciurus species in different habitats in northeastern Thailand.

Kobayashi S., Placksanoi J., Waengsothorn S., Aryuthaka C., Pnaha S., Izawa M (担当範囲: データの収集、解析、執筆)

Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68 654 - 661 2020年07月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Some squirrel species can adapt to areas of extensive human ctivities. However, few studies have compared the behaviour of such squirrels in human activity areas with that in their natural forest areas in the tropics. This study describes the activity pattern and resource use of Callosciurus finlaysonii and C. caniceps in a small residential area located in the dry evergreen and dry dipterocarp forests in Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand, by using route census survey. Both species were active in the morning and evening, just as they are in the forests, but the frequency of detection of C. finlaysonii was higher than that of C. caniceps. Intraspecific interactions were frequently observed in C. finlaysonii; however, interspecific interactions were not observed. Callosciurus finlaysonii used buildings and electric wires located above ground in open areas as pathways, whereas C. caniceps was not observed in open areas. Callosciurus finlaysonii consumed a greater diversity of food items than C. caniceps, including fruits, leaves, flowers, and seeds, whereas C. caniceps fed mainly on fruits/seeds. The present study showed that C. finlaysonii can use human activity areas. Callosciurus finlaysonii probably use the human activity area owing to the presence of fewer natural predators, its ability to survive in different type of environments, as well as its wide feeding habits, and the presence of fewer competitors. However, it was observed that C. caniceps scarcely used human modified areas.

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Effects of different pollinators and herbivores on the fruit set height of the mammal-pollinated tree-climbing vine Mucuna macrocarpa

Kobayashi S.*, Denda T., Liao C-C., Lin Y-H., Placksanoi, J., Waengsothorn, S., Aryuthaka, C., Panha, S., Izawa M.

Journal of Forest Research ( Journal of Forest Research ) 25 ( 5 ) 315 - 321 2020年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although different flower-visiting frequencies and behaviors are known to cause differences in fruit set rates, the effects of different pollinators on the fruit set position are unclear. The climbing vine Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) needs mammalian pollinators for fruit set. This species is widely distributed in Asia and is pollinated by different mammals in different regions. This study assessed the effects of different pollinators, including their ability to fly, and of herbivores on the fruit set height of M. macrocarpa. The heights of inflorescences and fruits were measured in Kyushu, Okinawa-jima Island (Okinawa), Taiwan, and Thailand. Flying mammalian pollinator (bat) activity was recorded in Okinawa, and non-flying mammalian pollinator activity was recorded in the other three regions. The flowers were observed from the ground to canopy levels in all regions; no fruits were observed at the ground level on Okinawa, whereas fruits were observed from the ground to the canopy levels in Kyushu, Taiwan, and Thailand. In Kyushu, however, fruits were less frequently observed at the ground level. Although pollinators visited flowers located near the ground level, camera traps frequently recorded sika deer (Cervus nippon) feeding on the flowers and fruits near the ground level. Our data show that both the flying ability of pollinators and the density of large-sized herbivores affect the fruit set position.

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Predation on endangered species by cats in the northern forests of Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Shun Kobayashi, Takaya Kinjo, Yubi Kuroda, Michio Kinjo, Yoko Okawara, Masako Izawa, Manabu Onuma, Atsushi Haga, Yumiko Nakaya, Takashi Nagamine

Mammal Study ( Mammal Study ) 45 ( 1 ) 63 - 70 2020年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Okinawa-jima Island is a part of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan and some endemic animals occur. Many of the native animals are limited to the northern part of this island. Here, we examined the predation effect by domestic cats on native species in the northern part of the island. Route surveys were conducted from September 2017 to February 2018, and cats were captured from 2013 to 2018. In total 60 scats (36 by route surveys and 24 from seven captured cats) were collected. At least 16 animal species were found in domestic cats’ scats. Traces of endemic Okinawa spiny rats (Tokudaia muenninki) were the most frequently found from scats collected by route surveys (61.1% in total; 71.4% in the core route, set around the distribution area of Okinawa spiny rats), followed by Ryukyu long-furred rats (Diplothrix legata) (16.7% in total; 21.4% in the core route). Our results showed that domestic cats might exert a significant predation pressure on native endemic vertebrates, especially on Okinawa spiny rats.

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Dietary habits of wintering Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus in the urban green environment of subtropical Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Kobayashi Shun, Yoshida Wakako, Ui Hiroaki, Okawara Yoko, Izawa Masako

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE ( Ornithological Science ) 18 ( 2 ) 205 - 213 2020年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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ヤンバルクイナの餌種一覧

小林峻, 井ノ口彰良, 中谷裕美子, 長嶺隆, 佐々木健志, 伊澤雅子

沖縄生物学会誌 57 211 - 227 2019年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Food list of the endangered Okinawa rail Gallirallus okinawae (Gruiformes: Rallidae) was made by summarizing the results from previous studies, together with new identification of previously not-identified specimens, and the newly analyzed 12 additional samples. From the 234 individuals’ stomach content data, at least 123 species of animals and 35 species of plants were recorded as food items, indicating that this rail is generalist feeding various animals and plants. On the other hands, land snails and insects were found with high frequencies in all previous studies as well as the present study, indicating their importance as food items of the Okinawa rail. In addition, artificial materials such as plastic pieces and feedstuffs were recorded. The occurrences of artificial materials and feedstuffs should be concerned in the conservation of the Okinawa rail.

2009年および2012–2015年に沖縄島北部においてルートセンサス法により観察されたケナガネズミ

谷口祥平, 平城達哉, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子

沖縄生物学会誌 57 243 - 251 2019年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata is endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago. The present study aimed to obtain basic ecological information of this species on Okinawa-jima Island. Route census surveys were conducted along paved roads in the northern part of Okinawa-jima Island from June to December 2009, and from April 2012 to December 2015. Although the rats were observed throughout the year, there seems to be a possible tendency that they were observed more frequently during the reproductive season. However, due to limited sample sizes, it is necessary to reevaluate the seasonal variation in the number of individuals observed on the road. All observations of multiple individuals at one time occurred from September to December, and juveniles were observed only in December. Potential predators, such as invasive carnivores (cats, dogs, and mongooses), owls, and snakes, were also observed. It is necessary to take further actions to remove alien predators and to construct the measures against the traffic accidents by taking into account the occurring environments and seasons.

The pollination system of the widely distributed mammal-pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) in the tropics.

Kobayashi S, Denda T, Placksanoi J, Waengsothorn S, Aryuthaka C, Panha S, Izawa M

Ecology and evolution ( Ecology and Evolution ) 9 ( 11 ) 6276 - 6286 2019年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although the pollinators of some plant species differ across regions, only a few mammal‐pollinated plant species have regional pollinator differences in Asia. Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) is pollinated by squirrels, flying foxes, and macaques in subtropical and temperate islands. In this study, the pollination system of M. macrocarpa was identified in tropical Asia, where the genus originally diversified. This species requires “explosive opening” of the flower, where the wing petals must be pressed down and the banner petal pushed upward to fully expose the stamens and pistil. A bagging experiment showed that fruits did not develop in inflorescences (n = 66) with unopened flowers, whereas fruits developed in 68.7% of inflorescences (n = 131) with opened flowers. This indicated that the explosive opening is needed for the species to reproduce. Four potential pollinator mammals were identified by a video cameratrap survey, and 78.3% and 60.1% of monitored inflorescences (n = 138) were opened by gray‐bellied squirrels (Callosciurus caniceps) and Finlayson's squirrels (C. finlaysonii), respectively, even though more than 10 mammal species visited flowers. Nectar was surrounded by the calyx, and the volume and sugar concentration of secreted nectar did not change during the day. This nectar secretion pattern is similar to those reported by previous studies in other regions. These results showed that the main pollinators of M. macrocarpa in the tropics are squirrels. However, the species' nectar secretion pattern is not specifically adapted to this particular pollinator. Pollinators of M. macrocarpa differ throughout the distribution range based on the fauna present, but there might not have been no distinctive changes in the attractive traits that accompanied these changes in pollinators.

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Civet pollination in Mucuna birdwoodiana (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae)

Shun Kobayashi, Gale Stephan, Tetsuo Denda, Masako Izawa

Plant Ecology ( Plant Ecology ) 220 ( 4-5 ) 457 - 466 2019年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Inferring pollinators from floral traits is problematic because many flowers do not conform to a prescribed phenotype by which they may be assigned to any one particular pollination ‘syndrome.’ This necessitates empirical investigation to confirm pollinator relationships. Mucuna birdwoodiana is thought to be fruit bat-pollinated on account of its malodorous, pale green, gullet-type flowers, but we sought to clarify its pollination system through direct examination. This study was conducted in Hong Kong. Flowers of this species undergo ‘‘explosive opening’’ during pollination. Bagging experiments were conducted to check the necessity of this mechanism to achieve fruit set. Floral visitors were recorded by video camera traps and nectar secretion patterns were surveyed. Flowers do not open automatically and unopened flowers do not fructify. Masked palm civets, Paguma larvata, and introduced Pallas’s squirrels, Callosciurus erythraeus styani, were observed opening flowers, and fruits were found to form on flowers opened by both species. Paguma larvata opened flowers more frequently and less destructively than C. e. styani. The nectar is sucrose-dominant with no variation in nectar volume nor sugar concentration throughout the day. Pollination success in M. birdwoodiana is dependent on flower-opening animals. The primary pollinator of M. birdwoodiana is P. larvata, not fruit bats as had been suggested by a suite of supposedly adaptive floral traits.

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Seed feeding behavior of Diplothrix legata (Muridae: Rodentia): Effects on germination of five plants in Okinawajima Island, Japan

Reina Nago, Shun Kobayashi, Teruo Kinjo, Kozue Ogimi, Akari Shinjo, Shinobu Namisato, Anna Futamatagawa, Genwa Higa, Masako Izawa

Mammal Study ( Mammal Study ) 44 ( 2 ) 129 - 134 2019年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

This study examined how seed feeding by the Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata affects germination of five plants (Cerasus campanulata, Actinidia rufa, Ficus erecta, Oreocnide pedunculata, and Melastoma candidum) in Okinawajima Island, Japan. The germination rates of seeds from fresh fruit and fecal pellets of two captive rats, as well as the feeding behaviors, were observed. Most of C. campanulata seeds, which were the largest among the five plant species, were crushed by rats. Seeds of the other four plants were swallowed whole; however, the excretion rates were low (< 20%). The germination rates of A. rufa, F. erecta, and M. candidum from fecal pellets were significantly lower than that of seeds from fresh fruits. The rats showed a higher excretion rate for the seeds of O. pedunculata, and the excreted seeds showed a similar germination rate to that of seeds from fresh fruits, which might be attributed to the small-sized seeds with hard coats. Some fruits of A. rufa and F. erecta were dropped before they were completely consumed. Thus, undigested seeds and dropped seeds might be dispersed by D. legata, although this species should be regarded mainly as a seed predator.

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Resource use among sympatric Callosciurus spp. (Sciuridae) in tropical seasonal forests during the dry season in northeastern Thailand

Shun Kobayashi, Jumlong Placksanoi, Artchawakom Taksin, Chittima Aryuthaka, Tetsuo Denda, Masako Izawa

Mammal Study ( Mammalogical Society of Japan ) 44 ( 1 ) 23 - 32 2018年11月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Southeast Asia contains a diverse array of squirrels, with several species living sympatrically. However, limited data are available on how the squirrels coexist and share resources in the same habitat. Here, we examined resource-use variation between sympatric Callosciurus finlaysonii and C. caniceps in two habitats of northeastern Thailand: dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) and dry evergreen forest (DEF). Both species were bimodally crepuscular and did not differ in daily activity patterns. Callosciurus caniceps was fewer in number than C. finlaysonii in DDF, but they had similar frequencies in DEF. The two species generally consumed different plant species, though some preferred fruits overlapped. Callosciurus finlaysonii from DEF remained higher in the trees than C. caniceps; all nests at elevated locations belonged to C. finlaysonii. When feeding, the preferred height of both species varied depending on food availability. In DEF, C. caniceps dominated C. finlaysonii during interactions. Together, our observations indicate that sympatry is possible because the two species differ in food choice and/or engage in vertical zonation.

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Who can open the flower? Assessment of the flower opening force of mammal-pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa

Shun Kobayashi, Euichi Hirose, Tetsuo Denda, Masako Izawa

Plant Species Biology ( Wiley ) 33 ( 4 ) 312 - 316 2018年10月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Effective pollinators in Fabaceae species with papillionaceous flowers should have sufficient force to open the petals and expose the stamens and pistils from the keel petals. Here, we assessed the force that is required (operative force) to open the petals of the mammal-pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa, in parallel with estimating the force of bee species. The operative force of M. macrocarpa was quantified by a digital force gauge and the force of three bee species that frequent these flowers was estimated from body mass. The operative force was 1.635±0.146 (mean±SD) newton (N). This force was far larger than that estimated for the largest bee in the study area. In addition, the operative force of M. macrocarpa was 16–409 times greater than that of bee-pollinated plants. Our results demonstrate that the operative force of M. macrocarpa flowers is adapted to mammalian openers, preventing potential nectar robbers.

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Comparison of visitors and pollinators of Mucuna macrocarpa between urban and forest environments

Kobayashi S, Denda T, Liao C.-C, Lin Y.-H, Liu W.-T, Izawa M

Mammal Study ( Mammal Study ) 43 ( 4 ) 219 - 228 2018年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mammal-plant interactions differ significantly between urban and natural environments; however, knowledge of mammal-pollinated plants in urban areas remains limited compared to plants in their natural habitats. Here, we compared the flower visitors of Mucuna macrocarpa between urban and forested areas in Okinawa-jima Island, Japan and in Taiwan. Mucuna macrocarpa requires a highly specialized pollination process. Our study showed that Ryukyu flying foxes (Pteropus dasymallus) were the pollinator of M. macrocarpa in both the urban and forested areas of Okinawa-jima Island, whereas, in Taiwan, red-bellied squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) were the main pollinator species. Both pollinator species visited inflorescences in urban areas at the same or higher frequency as in forested areas. In contrast, non-pollinating animals engaged in nectar-robbing or picking-off behaviors when visiting Mucuna flowers in forested areas only. These results suggest that M. macrocarpa successfully attracts local pollinators, even in urban environments that have relatively low biodiversity. The negative effect of animal guilds on the success of M. macrocarpa pollination is significantly lower in urban compared to forested areas. However, the fragmentation caused by urbanization might reduce the opportunity for cross-pollination.

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外来種ゲットウトゲムネサルゾウムシXenysmoderes consularis (コウチュウ目ゾウムシ科) の西表島および竹富島における生息確認と分布状況

小林峻, 伊澤雅子

Fauna Ryukyuana 45 15 - 17 2018年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Regional differences in mammalian pollinators of Mucuna macrocarpa (Leguminosae): a review

Shun Kobayashi, Tetsuo Denda, Chi-Cheng Liao, Jumlong Placksanoi, Surachit Waengsothorn, Chittima Aryuthaka, Somsak Pnaha, Masako Izawa

Tropical Natural History 8 ( 2 ) 135 - 146 2018年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Floral traits of mammal-pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae): Implications for generalist-like pollination systems.

Kobayashi S, Denda T, Liao CC, Lin YH, Wu SH, Izawa M

Ecology and evolution ( Wiley ) 8 ( 16 ) 8607 - 8615 2018年08月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Floral traits are adapted by plants to attract pollinators. Some of those plants that have different pollinators in different regions adapt to each pollinator in each region to maximize their pollination success. Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) limits the pollinators using its floral structure and is pollinated by different mammals in different regions. Here, we examine the relationships between floral traits of M. macrocarpa and the external morphology of mammalian pollinators in different regions of its distribution. Field surveys were conducted on Kyushu and Okinawajima Island in Japan, and in Taiwan, where the main pollinators are the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata, Ryukyu flying fox Pteropus dasymallus, and red-bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus, respectively. We measured the floral shapes, nectar secretion patterns, sugar components, and external morphology of the pollinators. Results showed that floral shape was slightly different among regions and that flower sizes were not correlated with the external morphology of the pollinators. Volume and sugar rate of nectar were not significantly different among the three regions and did not change throughout the day in any of the regions. However, nectar concentration was higher in Kyushu than in the other two regions. These results suggest that the floral traits of M. macrocarpa are not adapted to each pollinator in each region. Although this plant limits the number of pollinators using its flower structure, it has not adapted to specific mammals and may attract several species of mammals. Such generalist-like pollination system might have evolved in the Old World.

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Flowering habit and pollination of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) in the Ryukyu and Daito Islands

Tetsuo Denda, Shun Kobayashi, Masako Izawa

The Biological Magazine, Okinawa 56 11 - 26 2018年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

In the present study, flowering habit and pollination ecology of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) were investigated. The species bloomed during the rainy season from late April to early July, and the average fl owering period of each fl ower was approximately 23 hours. It was confi rmed that A. zerumbet exhibits heterodichogamous fl existyly, which comprises protandrous (catafl existylous morph) and protogynous (anafl existylous morph) individuals, as has already been reported in detail in congeneric species. Nectar was secreted throughout the fl owering period, with maximum secretion occurring around 23:00 h. Nectar sugar concentration was highest (36.4%) at the beginning of secretion (9:00 h) and rapidly declined after 19:00 h. In total, 63 fl ower visitors, comprising 57 insect, three spider, and three snail species were recorded. Among the indigenous fl ower visitors, both crepuscular and nocturnal hawk moth species, as well as six bee species, visited the flowers and had pollen attached to their bodies, indicating they were effective pollinators of A. zerumbet. Although bees have been reported as the major pollinators of the genus Alpinia, this paper is the fi rst to report hawk moths as pollinators of this genus.

Dietary habits of the endangered Okinawa Rail

Kobayashi Shun, Naruse Tohru, Nakamura Yasuyuki, Denda Tetsuo, Izawa Masako, Morita Yuya, Nakaya Yumiko, Nagamine Takashi, Onuma Manabu, Okano Tsukasa, Haga Atsushi, Yamamoto Ichihito, Higa Mizuki

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE ( 日本鳥学会 ) 17 ( 1 ) 19 - 35 2018年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Many species of flightless rail are endemic to small islands and endangered, or have become extinct during historical times. However, our understanding of their basic ecological knowledge remains limited. The Okinawa Rail Hypotaenidia okinawae is a flightless species of rail endemic to Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. In this study we have quantified the dietary components of the Okinawa Rail using gizzard contents classified by the frequency of occurrence and wet weight. The Okinawa Rail feeds on a wide variety of animals and plants throughout the year, but the frequency of occurrence and wet weight of animal matter significantly exceeds those of plant matter. The number of items present in the gizzard did not differ among seasons, ages and between sexes. Grit was present in almost all individuals and the wet weight did not differ between sexes or among age groups. Although the diet was observed to be diverse, the primary dietary component of both sexes, all ages, and throughout the year appears to be land snails, indicating their great significance as a source of food.

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次代の若手研究者・学生が目指すべき道～哺乳類学の先輩と語ろう～

池田敬, 内田健太, 松本悠貴, 小林峻, 渋谷未央, 水口大輔, 東城義則

哺乳類科学 ( 日本哺乳類学会 ) 58 ( 1 ) 85 - 86 2018年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Regional differences in mammalian pollinators of Mucuna macrocarpa (Leguminosae): A review

Kobayashi S.

Tropical Natural History ( Tropical Natural History ) 18 ( 2 ) 135 - 145 2018年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

西表島におけるカンムリワシによるヤエヤマセマルハコガメの捕食事例

小林峻, 伊澤雅子

Akamata 27 25 - 28 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

沖縄島の破風墓より見つかったミナミヤモリの大型卵塚

小林峻, 長嶺隆, 中谷裕美子, 伊澤雅子

Akamata 27 1 - 6 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

次世代の哺乳類学を担う若手研究者・学生の積極的な交流の展望～自由集会の企画とアンケート結果をもとに～

池田敬, 松本悠貴, 内田健太, 小林峻, 渋谷未央, 水口大輔, 東城義則

哺乳類科学 ( 日本哺乳類学会 ) 57 ( 1 ) 91 - 97 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

日本哺乳類学会2016年度大会において，著者らは若手研究者や学生の学識的な交流の場を提供することを目的とした自由集会を開催し，本集会の効果や同年代での交流の必要性を調べるアンケート調査を実施した．本集会への参加者は約50名にのぼり，学部生から社会人まで幅広い構成となった．アンケート結果では，参加者は学生（学部・修士・博士・研究生）が最も多く，全体の75%を占めた．また，アンケート回答者の88％が集会の内容に満足したと回答し，回答者全員が哺乳類学会において同年代との交流や同年代の哺乳類研究，就職状況等に関する企画が必要であると回答していた．他の学会と比較し，哺乳類学会は若手研究者や学生間での交流が限られているため，これらの年代を対象とした企画は人材育成の場や研究発展の場として貢献すると考えられる．その一方で，アンケート結果は参加者の所属や所属地域による偏りがあり，参加者の専門は多岐にわたっていることから，若手研究者や学生の全体的な意見を反映していない可能性がある．そのため，幅広くアンケートを実施し，学会に所属する多くの若手研究者や学生のニーズを汲み取った学会運営が望まれる．

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Effect of wildfire on the occurrence of three squirrel species in a dry dipterocarp forest in northeastern Thailand

Kobayashi Shun, Placksanoi Jumlong, Taksin Artchawakom, Aryuthaka Chittima, Izawa Masako

MAMMAL STUDY 42 ( 4 ) 259 - 263 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

絶滅危惧種ケナガネズミの飼育下における日周活動

平城達哉, 小林峻, 金城輝雄, 大宜見こずえ, 新城あかり, 並里忍, 二又川杏奈, 比嘉源和, 中西希, 伊澤雅子

動物園水族館雑誌 59 ( 1 ) 7 - 16 2017年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The activity patterns of two captive endangered Ryukyu long-furred rats, Diplothrix legata, （ one male and one female ），were observed for 2 years at the Okinawa Zoo and Museum in Japan. Throughout the year, emergence from the nesting box coincided with sunset and the rats returned to the nesting box before sunrise. In both individuals, the active time was longer and the proportion of moving behavior to the total activity was significantly greater during the breeding season（September to February ）than during the non-breeding season. In addition, the proportions of grooming and short rest in the nesting box during the active time were significantly smaller during the breeding season for the female. These results suggest that activities outside the nesting box increase during the breeding season.

Squirrel pollination of Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) in Taiwan

Shun Kobayashi, Tetsuo Denda, Chi-Cheng Liao, Shu-Hui Wu, Yu-Hsiu Lin, Masako Izawa

JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY ( OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC ) 98 ( 2 ) 533 - 541 2017年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Explosive opening is an important process for pollination of Mucuna flowers. It is generally triggered by an animal pollinator specific to each Mucuna species. Although Mucuna macrocarpa has been reported to be pollinated by a nectar-eating bat, the distributional ranges of this plant and that of the nectar-eating bats do not overlap completely. Previous research suggested that this plant could be pollinated by other species depending on the region. In Taiwan, where nectar-eating bats are absent, 2 species of squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus and Tamiops maritimus) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) were recorded as explosive openers. Of these 3 species, C. erythraeus was the most frequent and successful visitor-it opened the flowers in the same manner as nectar-eating bats. The other 2 species successfully opened only a few flowers and were therefore less effective pollinators. However, these opened flowers were subsequently visited by several insects, suggesting that the actions of the mammalian pollinators might have contributed to pollen transfer. Our data indicate that explosive openers of M. macrocarpa are not highly specialized and vary among the regions depending on the local fauna. Hence, this species, characterized by the explosive opening mechanism, is pollinated by different mammal species and insects in different regions.

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『日本のサル―哺乳類学としてのニホンザル研究』　辻大和・中川尚史編　東京大学出版会　2017年5月刊　4800円（税別）（336ページ）

小林峻

霊長類研究 ( 一般社団法人　日本霊長類学会 ) 33 ( 2 ) 103 - 104 2017年

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Population Dynamics and the Effects of Temperature on the Eggs of the Seawater-dispersed Stick Insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae).

Kobayashi S, Usui R, Nomoto K, Ushirokita M, Denda T, Izawa M

Zoological studies ( BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER, ACAD SINICA ) 55 e20 2016年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although the stick insect Megacrania tsudai cannot fly, its eggs are dispersed by seawater, which allows the species to distribute itself widely via the ocean. The life history of this non-volant insect that establishes settlements by egg dispersal remains poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the population dynamics and effects of temperature on the eggs of M. tsudai through field observation in near the northern limits of the distribution and laboratory experiments. In the wild, all instars appeared over a period of several months, with a larger proportion of first instars emerging from December to March, and a greater number of adults being observed from June to August. Laboratory experiments showed that the hatching rate of M. tsudai was not different between conditions of 25 and 30 degrees C, whereas it was significantly lower at 20 degrees C. The egg-development period was shorter when eggs were maintained under high temperature conditions, and longer for eggs kept at 20 degrees C. The effective cumulative temperature was estimated as 1561.5-2000.0 degrees C, and the developmental zero was estimated as 12.2-13.9 degrees C. The peak appearance of the first instar in the laboratory, which was used to obtain an estimate for the effective cumulative temperature and peak appearance of adults in the wild, was not entirely accurate because the peak appearance of the first instars in the wild was not consistently observed when the estimation indicated that they should appear. Megacrania tsudai is a univoltine near the northern limit of its distribution, and temperature has a strong effect on its egg development. Our estimation of population dynamics by laboratory experiments did not exactly predict what was observed in the field and it may be controlled by other factors. However, our findings indicate that the limiting factor of the distribution of this species is likely the effect of temperature on egg hatching.

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特定外来生物セイヨウオオマルハナバチの沖縄県における初記録

傳田哲郎, 佐々木健志, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子

Fauna Ryukyuana 29 1 - 4 2016年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Apidae), is a serious invasive alien bee that is listed among Japan’s Worst 100 Invasive Alien Species (The Ecological Society of Japan, 2002). In June 2013, B. terrestris was observed visiting flowers of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) within the Nishihara campus of University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Although escaped individuals of B. terrestris have been reported from almost all over Japan, this is the first record of this species in Okinawa Prefecture.

Pollination partners of Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) at the northern limit of its range

Shun Kobayashi, Tetsuo Denda, Shigehiko Mashiba, Toshitaka Iwamoto, Teruo Doi, Masako Izawa

PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY ( WILEY-BLACKWELL ) 30 ( 4 ) 272 - 278 2015年10月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mucuna macrocarpa is a plant found in tropical and subtropical regions that requires an explosive opening. Explosive opening is the process that exposes the stamen and pistil from the opening of the carina. This process is needed for cross pollination; however, the plant cannot open itself and opening by an animal is needed. The most common opener of Mucuna flowers is several nectar-eating bats (e.g., Syconycteris), but the flying fox, Pteropus dasymallus, is the only opener of M.macrocarpa on the subtropical island of Okinawajima. Here, we present the explosive openers and possible pollinators in the northernmost and temperate Kamae region, Kyushu, Japan, where nectar-eating bats are absent. The Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata, and the Japanese marten, Martes melampus, were the explosive openers observed during our survey in Kamae. Martens opened flowers using their snout in a manner similar to that of the flying fox, whereas macaques opened flowers using their hands. This is the first time that an animal has been observed opening these flowers with its hands rather than snout. In total, 97% (n=283) of explosively opened flowers were opened by macaques, and the macaque largely contributed to the overall flower opening. Because many pollen grains become attached to the explosive openers, they are considered to be primary pollinators. Furthermore, two bee species, Apis cerana japonica and Bombus ardens ardens, also visited opened flowers and collected pollen, and they were possibly secondary pollinators.

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カマエカズラ（マメ科）の送粉パートナーとしてのニホンザルの獲得：拡大造林政策の間接的影響

小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 傳田哲郎, 真柴茂彦, 土肥昭夫, 岩本俊孝

霊長類研究 ( 日本霊長類学会 ) 31 ( 1 ) 39 - 47 2015年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) is a vine plant that is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as in a limited region around a village in Kamae within Kyushu, Japan, although no seeds were observed in this region until the late 1970s. This species requires a pollination partner for seed setting, which was recently found to be the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) in Kamae. We hypothesized that the recent seed setting observed is related to the change in the distribution of the Japanese macaque in recent years as a result of the afforestation policy introduced in the 1950s-1960s. The changes in afforestation activity, distribution of the Japanese macaque, and human population dynamics were investigated. Interviews with villagers revealed that Japanese macaques had seldom appeared in or near the village until the 1960s, but have frequently been observed within the village since the 1970s-1980s, which corresponds to the same period of time when the appearance of M. macrocarpa seeds was first noted. Depopulation and the decrease in farmers and foresters that occurred at the same time as afforestation might have enabled macaques to enter and settle in the village. One reason for the 10-year time lag between the first appearance of Japanese macaques and afforestation could be that the macaques only began to move out of the forest once the conifer forest had grown to a certain level. These results suggest that the afforestation caused a change in the distribution of Japanese macaques, allowing them to exploit M. macrocarpa flowers as a new food item. Consequently, afforestation might have indirectly caused seed setting of M. macrocarpa in Kamae.

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Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in the stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)?

Kobayashi S., Usui R., Nomoto K., Ushirokita M., Denda T., Izawa M.

Ecological Research 29 ( 6 ) 1025 - 1032 2014年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although insects expand their distribution by various ways, generally only the adult phase has been taken into consideration in research on dispersal. In Megacrania tsudai, it has been proposed that eggs are dispersed through seawater. To test this hypothesis, eggs were treated under normal condition (NC) on wet cotton swabs, and marine condition (MC), floating on salt water for 30, 60, 90, and 365 days. In addition, eggs in the NC and MC treatment groups were dissected every 10 days to verify the developmental stage. The hatching rates in the NC and MC treatment groups were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. However, the egg period, time from laying to hatching, in the MC treatment group was significantly longer than that in any other treatment groups. The egg period was lengthened when the floating period on seawater was longer. The time of the start of egg development was similar in the NC and MC treatment groups, but the developmental speed was slower in the MC treatment group. These results support that M. tsudai can expand its distribution by dispersing its eggs through seawater, probably thanks to specific characteristics of eggs that allow their survival when they float in the sea.

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ノグチゲラSapheopipo noguchii（キツツキ科）によるウジルカンダMucuna macrocarpa（マメ科）の盗蜜

小林峻,傳田哲郎,伊澤雅子

Strix 30 135 - 140 2014年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

石垣島と西表島より採集された日本初記録の樹上性甲殻類・マルベンケイガニ（甲殻亜門：十脚目：短尾下目：ベンケイガニ科）

西垣孝治, 比嘉高明, 小林峻, 谷本拓夢, 長井隆, 成瀬貫

Fauna Ryukyuana 5 1 - 7 2013年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The arboreal sesarmid crab, Labuanium scandens Ng & Liu, 2003, is recorded from Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Labuanium scandens was described and had previously been known only from Taiwan. This report represents the first record of this species from Japan and also the first record outside Taiwan. The distributional range of L. scandens is extended to the east. Morphological and ecological features of L. scandens, as well as discriminative characters with congeners, are documented. Potential threats to the habitat of L. scandens are briefly discussed.

琉球諸島におけるオカヤドカリ類（甲殻亜門: 異尾下目）の花蜜食と花粉媒介の可能性

東和明, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 成瀬貫,傳田哲郎

沖縄生物学会誌 51 51 - 56 2013年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The present study records nectar-feeding behavior of the land hermit crabs, Coenobita spp., for the first time. Small individuals of Coenobita spp. are observed licking nectar with the aid of chela from flowers of several coastal plant species. In the case of Chamaesyce sparrmanni on Minamidaito-jima Island, pollen grains were attached on the shell surface and cephalothoracic appendages (Antennule, Antenna, chelipeds, and ambulatory legs) of small individuals of feeding Coenobita spp. It is possible that small individuals of Coenobita spp. are contributing to the pollination of E. sparrmanni by their nectar-feeding activity.

Feeding behavior of the Orii’s flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, on Mucuna macrocarpa and related explosive opening of petals, on Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Toyama C., Kobayashi S., Denda T., Nakamoto A., Izawa M.

Mammal Study 37 ( 3 ) 205 - 212 2012年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The role of the Orii’s flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, in the reproduction of Mucuna macrocarpa was investigated through captive and wild observations on Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. When Orii’s flying-fox fed on flowers of M. macrocarpa, it pushed its nose to the basal portion of the flowers to feed on nectar. This caused the hard petals of flowers to explode and consequently opened the carina. When a flying-fox’s face pointed in the same direction as a flower, there was a significantly higher explosive opening rate compared with approaches from the side or the opposite direction (χ2 test; P < 0.001). In total, in the captive setting, 32.2% of the flowers exhibited explosive opening. During such events, stamens with pollen and pistils emerged and attached to the throat and forehead of the flying-fox. Other main flower visitors were the brown-eared bulbul, the Japanese white-eye, the Japanese bush warbler, and the honeybee, but they did not stimulate explosive opening. These observations demonstrate that the Orii’s flying-fox is the only explosive opener and the primary pollinator of this flower. On the other hand, flying-foxes sometimes damaged flowers. However, this does not appear to be a serious problem for M. macrocarpa, which has a large number of flowers.

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The distribution of Xenysmoderes consularis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae), a mecysmoderini weevil associated with the shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet, in the Ryukyu Archipelago

Kobayashi S., Denda T., Izawa M.

The Biological Magazine, Okinawa 49 77 - 83 2011年08月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

オガサワラヤモリのゲットウにおける採蜜行動

小林峻, 傳田哲郎, 伊澤雅子

Akamata 21 1 - 6 2010年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

野生テルミン：環境音＋静電容量センサーによる生体検知

小林博樹, 檜山敦, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 松島潤, 廣瀬通孝

ヒューマンインターフェース学会論文誌 12 ( 1 ) 15 - 22 2010年02月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

「世界の外来侵入種ワースト100」の1種センニンサボテンOpuntia stricta（サボテン科）の北大東島への侵入とその防除法

中村剛*,佐藤亜希子, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 傳田哲郎, 横田昌嗣

分類 9 ( 2 ) 159 - 165 2009年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

オキナワウスカワマイマイの花粉食

小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 傳田哲郎

VENUS 68 ( 1-2 ) 55 - 62 2009年02月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The feeding behavior and palatability to Acusta despecta despecta of the pollens from four plant species [Alpinia zerumbet (Shell ginger), Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Beggars tick), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) and Lilium sp. (Lily cultivar)] were investigated. Ac. d. despecta fed on the pollen of all the plant species, but showed a preference for that of Al. zerumbet, judging from the high feeding rate. Pictures of scats taken by scanning electron microscope revealed that the pollen of Al. zerumbet in the scat was broken into fragments, while those of other three species were kept their original shape. The difference in digestibility between the pollen of Al. zerumbet and other three plants could be one of the determinant factors of the pollen-feeding preference of Ac. d. despecta.

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