研究者詳細 - 久保田　康裕

論文 - 久保田　康裕

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Species-specific clonality in east Asian island flora: Phylogenetic and environmental constraints

Fujinuma J.

Ecological Research ( Ecological Research ) 34 ( 5 ) 577 - 586 2019年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Can additive beta diversity be reliably partitioned into nestedness and turnover components?

Matthews Thomas J, Aspin Thomas W. H, Ulrich Werner, Baselga Andres, Kubota Yasuhiro, Proios Konstantinos, Triantis Kostas A, Whittaker Robert J, Strona Giovanni

GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY ( Global Ecology and Biogeography ) 28 ( 8 ) 1146 - 1154 2019年08月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

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外来種駆除の生物多様性保全効果 : 保全優先地域と脅威動態の関係 (特集農林業の生態系サービスの経済・統計分析)

楠本聞太郎, 南木大祐, 久保田康裕

統計数理 = Proceedings of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics ( 情報・システム研究機構統計数理研究所 ) 67 ( 1 ) 39 - 50 2019年06月

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

Systematic variation in North American tree species abundance distributions along macroecological climatic gradients

Matthews Thomas J, Sadler Jon P, Kubota Yasuhiro, Woodall Christopher W, Pugh Thomas A. M

GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY ( Global Ecology and Biogeography ) 28 ( 5 ) 601 - 611 2019年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

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A geometric approach to scaling individual distributions to macroecological patterns.

Takashina N, Kusumoto B, Kubota Y, Economo EP

Journal of theoretical biology ( Journal of Theoretical Biology ) 461 170 - 188 2019年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

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生物多様性地域戦略を空間的保全優先度分析で具現化する：沖縄県の生物多様性保全利用指針OKINAWA 作成の事例

久保田康裕, 楠本聞太郎, 藤沼潤一, 塩野貴之, 鈴木亮, 福島新, 小澤宏之, 宮良工

日本生態学会誌 ( 日本生態学会暫定事務局 ) 69 ( 3 ) 239 - 250 2019年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

東アジア島嶼の日本には多くの固有種が分布し、その生物相が人為インパクトの脅威にさらされているため、"生物多様性ホットスポット"の一つとして国際的に注目されている。地域固有の生物相を保全するためには、生物多様性を含む生態系の価値と機能を評価し、保護区の設置や土地の利用規制を行うことが有効である。土地利用計画を含む保全政策は本質的には主観的なので、科学的合理性を完全に追求することは困難である。一方、実際の保全アクション(保護区の設置など)を実行する場合、利害関係者との合意形成が不可欠なので、保全計画は科学的データと方法論に基づいて、客観的に立案されるべきである。このような観点から、システム化保全計画法の概念と分析に基づいて、保全アクションの実効性と実行可能性を社会経済的要因も含めて検討することは、従来の保全政策のあり方を革新化するだろう。本論では、沖縄県の生物多様性保全利用指針OKINAWAの策定を事例として、地方自治体における生物多様性地域戦略を保全のアクションプランとして具現化するプロセスを解説する。

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Spatial conservation prioritization for the East Asian islands: A balanced representation of multitaxon biogeography in a protected area network

Lehtomäki J.

Diversity and Distributions ( Diversity and Distributions ) 25 ( 3 ) 414 - 429 2018年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Extension of the gambin model to multimodal species abundance distributions

Thomas J. Matthews, Michael K. Borregaard, Colin S. Gillespie, François Rigal, Karl I. Ugland, Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger, Roberta Marques, Jon P. Sadler, Paulo A. V. Borges, Yasuhiro Kubota, Robert J. Whittaker

Methods in Ecology and Evolution ( Methods in Ecology and Evolution ) 10 ( 3 ) 432 - 437 2018年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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The two-parameter Weibull distribution as a universal tool to model the variation in species relative abundances

Ulrich W.

Ecological Complexity ( Ecological Complexity ) 36 110 - 116 2018年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The study of species abundance distributions (SADs) needs a precise modeling of their drivers and ecological implications. We introduce the two-parameter Weibull distribution as a versatile tool to fit various kinds of observed SADs and to compare observed and theoretically expected values at the species level. We show that the shape and the scale parameter of this distribution have precise ecological interpretations, the first being a measure of the excess of either rare or common species, and the second as a quantification of the proportion of persistent species in the focal community. Applying the Weibull model to 534 global tree communities we demonstrate that plots of the parameters of the Weibull distribution demark ecologically impossible species abundance distributions. This promises new insight into the ecological constraints on community assembly.

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Environmental filters shaping angiosperm tree assembly along climatic and geographic gradients

Kubota Yasuhiro, Kusumoto Buntarou, Shiono Takayuki, Ulrich Werner

JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE ( Journal of Vegetation Science ) 29 ( 4 ) 607 - 618 2018年07月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

Question: Global-scale forest censuses provide an opportunity to understand diversification processes in woody plant communities. Based on the climatic or geographic filtering hypotheses associated with tropical niche conservatism and dispersal limitation, we analysed phylogenetic community structures across a wide range of biomes and evaluated to what extent region-specific processes have influenced large-scale diversity patterns of tree species communities across latitude or continent. Location: Global. Methods: We generated a data set of species abundances for 21,379 angiosperm woody plants in 843 plots worldwide. We calculated net relatedness index (NRI) for each plot, based on a single global species pool and regional species pools, and phylogenetic β-diversity (PBD) between plots. Then, we explored the correlations of NRI with climatic and geographic variables, and clarified phylogenetic dissimilarity along geographic and climatic differences. We also compared these patterns for South America, Africa, the Indo-Pacific, Australia, the Nearctic, Western Palearctic and Eastern Palearctic. Results: NRI based on a global-scale species pool was negatively associated with precipitation and positively associated with Quaternary temperature change. PBD was positively associated with geographic distance and precipitation difference between plots across tropical and extratropical biomes. Moreover, phylogenetic dissimilarity was smaller in extratropical regions than in regions including the tropics, although temperate forests of the Eastern Palearctic showed a greater dissimilarity within extratropical regions. Conclusions: Our findings support predictions of the climatic and geographic filtering hypotheses. Climatic filtering (climatic harshness and paleoclimatic change) relative to tropical niche conservatism played a role in sorting species from the global species pool and shaped the large-scale diversity patterns, such as the latitudinal gradient observed across continents. Geographic filtering associated with dispersal limitation substantially contributed to regional divergence of tropical/extratropical biomes among continents. Old, long-standing geographic barriers and recent climatic events differently influenced evolutionary diversification of angiosperm tree communities in tropical and extratropical biomes.

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Roles of climate niche conservatism and range dynamics in woody plant diversity patterns through the Cenozoic

Shiono T.

Global Ecology and Biogeography ( Global Ecology and Biogeography ) 27 ( 7 ) 865 - 874 2018年07月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Aim: Large-scale biodiversity patterns are often discussed in the context of ‘out of the tropics’ (OTT) dynamics and/or tropical niche conservatism (TNC), but empirical evidence of these processes remains very limited. The aim of this study was to infer diversification processes and mechanisms of Cenozoic diversity dynamics using woody angiosperms. Location: East Asian continental islands and global. Time period: Cenozoic. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We compiled Cenozoic fossil and modern records for woody angiosperm genera to reconstruct biodiversity patterns. To evaluate the relative importance of TNC and OTT, we investigated extinction/survival patterns and latitudinal range dynamics for each genus, in combination with their clade age (mean family age), cold tolerance and per-genus species richness. Results: We found diversity decreasing with latitude in modern-day flora, but not in the warmer periods of the Neogene and Palaeogene. The percentage of genera surviving decreased with latitude through the Cenozoic. Older genera with less cold tolerance and/or species-poor genera went extinct locally at high latitudes in response to post-Pliocene global cooling. Evolutionarily younger temperate genera dispersed from the extratropics to lower latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere after the Neogene. Main conclusions: The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) has rapidly steepened post-Pliocene through: (a) selective extinction in higher latitudes of old, less-diversified tropical genera with low freezing tolerance, and (b) equatorward distributional shift of temperate genera. Both these processes were driven by the high-latitude cooling. Such major roles of TNC and OTT, wherein temperate genera in the Northern Hemisphere expanded through the tropics into higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere across climatic boundaries without losing their temperate presence, are in contrast to OTT processes in marine systems. Cenozoic patterns of terrestrial woody angiosperm biodiversity indicate the importance of TNC and high-latitude processes, including the extinction of tropical genera and range contraction or shift of temperate genera.

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Climate warming shortens flowering duration: a comprehensive assessment of plant phenological responses based on gene expression analyses and mathematical modeling

Ai Nagahama, Yasuhiro Kubota, Akiko Satake

Ecological Research ( Springer Tokyo ) 33 ( 5 ) 1 - 10 2018年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

There is an increasing potential to incorporate recent advances in our understanding of molecular-genetic pathways of flowering-time regulation to forecast shifts in flowering phenology in response to rising temperature. Recent studies developed models that integrate temperature and photoperiod signals into the network of floral regulatory genes, and predicted the shortening of flowering duration under warming based on the expression dynamics of major flowering-time genes in the perennial herb Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera. Nevertheless, empirical testing of the model prediction is still lacking. We performed temperature manipulation experiments and common garden experiments to test the model predictions using plants from two distant populations of A. halleri. We also quantified expression levels of two major flowering-time genes and compared the observed and predicted gene expression patterns. Our experiments in the laboratory and the field demonstrated that flowering duration of A. halleri was significantly shortened under warming conditions. Our results also revealed that the end of flowering was more sensitive to the climate warming than the onset of flowering in A. halleri. The observed gene expression dynamics in the warming condition were predicted well by the gene regulatory model. The transplant experiment of plants from Hokkaido, the northernmost island, to the subtropical field site in Okinawa, Japan, showed that plants flowered without significant activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T, a floral integrator crucial for the accelerated flowering in long days. The study suggested that the redundancy of flowering gene regulatory network could be beneficial to the persistence of flowering ability under extreme climatic conditions.

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A paradox of latitudinal leaf defense strategies in deciduous and evergreen broadleaved trees

Saihanna S.

Ecological Research ( Ecological Research ) 33 ( 5 ) 1 - 7 2018年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The classical “low latitude–high defense” hypothesis is seldom supported by empirical evidence. In this context, we tested latitudinal patterns in the leaf defense traits of deciduous broadleaved (DB) and evergreen broadleaved (EGB) tree species, which are expected to affect herbivore diversity. We examined the co-occurrence of leaf defense traits (tannin and phenol content, leaf mechanical strength, leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per area, and leaf thickness) in 741 broadleaved tree species and their correlations with species geographical range in East Asian island flora. We discovered contrasting latitudinal defense strategy gradients in DB and EGB tree species. DB species employed chemical defenses (increasing tannin and phenol content) at higher latitudes and physical defenses (softer and thinner leaves) at lower latitudes, whereas EGB tree species exhibited opposite latitudinal defense patterns. The “low latitude high defense” hypothesis included a paradoxical aspect in chemical and physical defense traits across broadleaved tree species. To reconcile paradoxical defense strategies along the latitudinal gradient, we conclude that interactive correlations among leaf traits are controlled by leaf longevity, which differs between DB and EGB tree species.

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Functional traits and environmental characteristics drive the degree of competitive intransitivity in European saltmarsh plant communities

Ulrich W.

Journal of Ecology ( Journal of Ecology ) 106 ( 3 ) 865 - 876 2018年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Competitive intransitivity, the existence of loops in competitive hierarchies, is one mechanism that can promote the local coexistence of competitors and maintain high local species diversity, although its prevalence and importance remain largely unknown. A full understanding of local community assembly needs knowledge of how transitive and intransitive competitive interactions are linked to species functional traits and the strength of biotic and abiotic filters. We apply a recently developed statistical tool to quantitative data on central European inland saltmarsh plant communities to infer causal relationships between soil characteristics, species occurrences and functional traits, and we estimated coefficients of competition. We found a predominance of intransitive competitive hierarchies. The proportion of such hierarchies was positively correlated with local species richness and compositional variability. Average soil characteristics were not correlated with competitive intransitivity, whereas high soil pH and the high variability in local pH and soil salinity decreased the overall impact of competition on community composition. In pairwise comparisons of species, dissimilarity in morphology, resource demand and reproductive phenology was significantly negatively correlated with differences in competitive performance, while higher environmental dissimilarity was particularly linked to intermediate degrees of competitive superiority. Our results suggest that habitat filtering for similar traits might intensify competitive interactions, but might also give rise to intransitive competitive loops that subsequently promote species coexistence and permit species’ functional equivalence. Intransitive competition appears to increase local diversity and small scale-species turnover. The observed local differences in competitive structures suggest frequent competitive plasticity and context-dependent competitive interactions. Finally, our results support the view that local abundance distributions can be used to infer the strength and outcome of competitive interactions. Synthesis. Our results confirm that intransitive competitive interactions might be a strong force structuring local plant communities. Intransitivity needs to be considered when studying plant community assembly and species co-existence.

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Multiple filters affect tree species assembly in mid-latitude forest communities

Kubota Y.

Oecologia ( Oecologia ) 187 ( 1 ) 245 - 253 2018年05月

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Species assembly patterns of local communities are shaped by the balance between multiple abiotic/biotic filters and dispersal that both select individuals from species pools at the regional scale. Knowledge regarding functional assembly can provide insight into the relative importance of the deterministic and stochastic processes that shape species assembly. We evaluated the hierarchical roles of the α niche and β niches by analyzing the influence of environmental filtering relative to functional traits on geographical patterns of tree species assembly in mid-latitude forests. Using forest plot datasets, we examined the α niche traits (leaf and wood traits) and β niche properties (cold/drought tolerance) of tree species, and tested non-randomness (clustering/over-dispersion) of trait assembly based on null models that assumed two types of species pools related to biogeographical regions. For most plots, species assembly patterns fell within the range of random expectation. However, particularly for cold/drought tolerance-related β niche properties, deviation from randomness was frequently found non-random clustering was predominant in higher latitudes with harsh climates. Our findings demonstrate that both randomness and non-randomness in trait assembly emerged as a result of the α and β niches, although we suggest the potential role of dispersal processes and/or species equalization through trait similarities in generating the prevalence of randomness. Clustering of β niche traits along latitudinal climatic gradients provides clear evidence of species sorting by filtering particular traits. Our results reveal that multiple filters through functional niches and stochastic processes jointly shape geographical patterns of species assembly across mid-latitude forests.

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Species richness correlates of raw and standardized co-occurrence metrics

Ulrich W.

Global Ecology and Biogeography ( Global Ecology and Biogeography ) 27 ( 4 ) 395 - 399 2018年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Measuring β-diversity and changes in species composition across multiple sites and environments is a major research focus in macroecology, and a variety of metrics have been proposed to quantify species co-occurrence patterns in a species × site occurrence matrix. However, indices of β-diversity and species co-occurrence are often statistically dependent on the number of species in an assemblage. We compared the results of several common co-occurrence metrics with patterns generated by a spatially explicit neutral model simulation. We found that all measures of co-occurrence and β-diversity, whether raw, rescaled or standardized by a null model expectation, were highly correlated with the total species richness of the landscape. The one important exception were the effect sizes of the fixed–fixed null model algorithm, which preserves row and column sums of the original matrix during matrix randomization. Our results call for a careful interpretation of meta-analyses of assemblages that differ widely in species richness. At a minimum, observed species richness should be used as a statistical covariate in regression analyses, and results of the fixed–fixed algorithm should be compared carefully with the results of other randomization tests.

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How well are biodiversity drivers reflected in protected areas? A representativeness assessment of the geohistorical gradients that shaped endemic flora in Japan

Kusumoto B.

Ecological Research ( Ecological Research ) 32 ( 3 ) 299 - 311 2017年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Protected areas function as a lifeboat that can preserve the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. We assessed the representativeness of biodiversity in existing protected areas in Japan using a distribution dataset and phylogenetic tree for 5565 Japanese vascular plant species. We first examined the overlap of species distribution with the existing protected areas and identified the minimum set representing all plant species. Second, we evaluated the relative importance of environmental variables in explaining the spatial arrangement of protected areas using a random forest model. Finally, we clarified how potential drivers of plant diversity were sufficiently captured within the protected areas network. Although the protected areas captured the majority of species, nearly half of the minimum set areas were selected from outside the existing protected areas. The locations of existing protected areas are mainly associated with geographical and socio-economic factors rather than key biodiversity features (including evolutionary distinctiveness). Moreover, critical biodiversity drivers, which include current climate, paleoclimatic stability, and geographical isolation, were biasedly emulated within the existing protected areas. These findings demonstrate that current conservation planning fails to represent the ecological and evolutionary processes relevant to species sorting, dispersal limitation, and allopatric speciation. In particular, under-representativeness of historically stable habitats that function as evolutionary hotspots or refugia in response to climate changes may pose a threat to the long-term persistence of Japan's endemic biota. This study provides a fundamental basis for developing prioritization measures to retain species assembly processes and in situ diversification along current climatic and geohistorical gradients.

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Phylogenetic properties of Tertiary relict flora in the east Asian continental islands: imprint of climatic niche conservatism and in situ diversification

Yasuhiro Kubota, Buntarou Kusumoto, Takayuki Shiono, Takayuki Tanaka

ECOGRAPHY ( WILEY ) 40 ( 3 ) 436 - 447 2017年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Understanding biodiversity patterns on islands has long been a central aim in ecology and conservation biology. Island-specific biogeographical processes play substantial roles in the formation of endemic biota. Here, we examined how climate niche conservatism and geohistorical factors are interactively associated with in situ diversification of Tertiary relict flora in the east Asian continental islands. We generated two novel datasets for species distribution and phylogeny that included all of the known vascular plant species in Japan (5575). Then we tested phylogenetic signal of climatic tolerance, in terms of absolute minimum temperature and water balance, and explored environmental predictors of phylogenetic structure (evolutionary derivedness and clustering) of species assemblages. Although phylogenetic signal of climatic tolerance was significant across the phylogeny of most species, the strength of climatic niche conservatism differed among ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperm trees, and angiosperm herbs. For angiosperm trees, cold temperatures acted as environmental filters that generated phylogenetic derivedness/clustering of species assemblages. For fern and angiosperm herb species, however, phylogenetic properties were not associated with climatic harshness. These contrasting patterns among groups reflected climate niche evolution in vascular plants with different growth forms and traits; for example, diversification of angiosperm trees (but not fern and herb) occurred in response to historical climatic cooling. More importantly, geographical constraints contributed to evolutionary radiation that resulted from isolation by distance from the continent or by elevation. Quaternary climate change was also associated with clade-specific radiation in refugial habitats. The degree to which geographical, geological, and palaeoclimatic variables explain the phylogenetic structure underscores the importance of isolation-and habitat-stability-related geohistorical processes in driving in situ diversification despite climatic niche conservatism. We propose that the highly endemic flora of the east Asian islands resulted from the interplay of idiosyncratic regional factors, and ecological and evolutionary processes, such as climate niche assembly and adaptive/nonadaptive radiation.

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The tangled link between β- and γ-diversity: a Narcissus effect weakens statistical inferences in null model analyses of diversity patterns

Ulrich W.

Global Ecology and Biogeography ( Global Ecology and Biogeography ) 26 ( 1 ) 1 - 5 2017年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Understanding the structure of and spatial variability in the species composition of ecological communities is at the heart of biogeography. In particular, there has been recent controversy about possible latitudinal trends in compositional heterogeneity across localities (beta-diversity). A gradient in the size of the regional species pool alone can be expected to impose a parallel gradient on beta-diversity, but whether beta-diversity also varies independently of the size of the species pool remains unclear. A recently suggested methodological approach to correct latitudinal beta-diversity gradients for the species pool effect is based on randomization null models that remove the effects of gradients in alpha- and gamma-diversity on beta-diversity. However, the randomization process imposes constraints on the variability of alpha-diversity, which in turn force gamma- and beta-diversity to become interdependent, such that any change in one is mirrored in the other. We argue that simple null model approaches are inadequate to discern whether correlations between alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity reflect processes of ecological interest or merely differences in the size of the species pool among localities. We demonstrate that this kind of Narcissus effect may also apply to other metrics of spatial or phylogenetic species distribution. We highlight that Narcissus effects may lead to artificially high rejection rates for the focal pattern (Type II errors) and caution that these errors have not received sufficient attention in the ecological literature.

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生物多様性の保全科学:：システム化保全計画の概念と手法の概要

久保田康裕, 楠本聞太郎, 藤沼潤一, 塩野貴之

日本生態学会誌 ( 日本生態学会暫定事務局 ) 67 ( 3 ) 267 - 286 2017年

掲載種別: 研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）

システム化保全計画の概念と理論に基づく生物多様性の空間情報の分析は、保全の利害関係者に様々な選択肢を提供し、保全政策の立案・実行における意思決定を支援する。本論では、日本の生物多様性保全研究を推進する一助として、システム化保全計画を概説した。保護区ネットワーク設計の基本概念は"CARの原則"である：包括性（comprehensiveness）、充足性（adequacy）、代表性（representativeness）。全ての地域を保護区にするのは不可能なので、現実の保全計画では、生物多様性のサンプル（抽出標本）を保護区として保全する。CARの原則は、母集団の生物多様性のパターンとプロセスを、抽出標本内で再現するための概念である。システム化保全計画では、生物分布データを利用して保全目標を定義し、保全に関わる社会経済的コスト（土地面積や保全に伴って生じる社会経済的負担）を考慮し、保全優先地域を順位付けする。この分析は、地域間（保全計画のユニット間）の生物多様性パターンの相補性の概念に基づいている。かけがえのなさ（代替不可能度、irreplaceability）は、保全目標の効率的達成における、ある場所や地域の重要度を表す指標概念である。保全優先地域を特定する場合、保全上の緊急性や必要性を組み込む必要があり、代替不可能度と脅威と脆弱性の概念を組み合わせるアプローチがある。これにより、各サイトは、プロアクテイブな事前対策的保全地域とリアクテイブな緊急性の高い保全地域に識別される。保全計画では、様々な保全目標を保全利益に照らして検討することが重要である。Zonationが実装している効用関数は、メタ個体群や種数—面積関係の概念に基づいて空間的な保全優先地域の順位付けを可能にしており、有望である。システム化保全計画の課題の一つは、生物多様性パターンを静的に仮定している点である。生物多様性を永続的に保全するため、マクロ生態学的パターンおよび種分化、分散、絶滅、種の集合プロセスを保護区ネットワーク内部で捕捉するスキームを検討すべきだろう。システム化保全計画は生物多様性条約の学術的基盤で、愛知ターゲット等の保全目標を達成する不可欠な分析枠組みである。今後、日本でも実務的な保全研究の展開が期待される。

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