研究者詳細 - 小林　峻

論文 - 小林　峻

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Flowering habit and pollination of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) in the Ryukyu and Daito Islands

Tetsuo Denda, Shun Kobayashi, Masako Izawa

The Biological Magazine, Okinawa 56 11 - 26 2018年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

In the present study, flowering habit and pollination ecology of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) were investigated. The species bloomed during the rainy season from late April to early July, and the average fl owering period of each fl ower was approximately 23 hours. It was confi rmed that A. zerumbet exhibits heterodichogamous fl existyly, which comprises protandrous (catafl existylous morph) and protogynous (anafl existylous morph) individuals, as has already been reported in detail in congeneric species. Nectar was secreted throughout the fl owering period, with maximum secretion occurring around 23:00 h. Nectar sugar concentration was highest (36.4%) at the beginning of secretion (9:00 h) and rapidly declined after 19:00 h. In total, 63 fl ower visitors, comprising 57 insect, three spider, and three snail species were recorded. Among the indigenous fl ower visitors, both crepuscular and nocturnal hawk moth species, as well as six bee species, visited the flowers and had pollen attached to their bodies, indicating they were effective pollinators of A. zerumbet. Although bees have been reported as the major pollinators of the genus Alpinia, this paper is the fi rst to report hawk moths as pollinators of this genus.

Dietary habits of the endangered Okinawa Rail

Kobayashi Shun, Naruse Tohru, Nakamura Yasuyuki, Denda Tetsuo, Izawa Masako, Morita Yuya, Nakaya Yumiko, Nagamine Takashi, Onuma Manabu, Okano Tsukasa, Haga Atsushi, Yamamoto Ichihito, Higa Mizuki

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE ( 日本鳥学会 ) 17 ( 1 ) 19 - 35 2018年01月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Many species of flightless rail are endemic to small islands and endangered, or have become extinct during historical times. However, our understanding of their basic ecological knowledge remains limited. The Okinawa Rail Hypotaenidia okinawae is a flightless species of rail endemic to Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. In this study we have quantified the dietary components of the Okinawa Rail using gizzard contents classified by the frequency of occurrence and wet weight. The Okinawa Rail feeds on a wide variety of animals and plants throughout the year, but the frequency of occurrence and wet weight of animal matter significantly exceeds those of plant matter. The number of items present in the gizzard did not differ among seasons, ages and between sexes. Grit was present in almost all individuals and the wet weight did not differ between sexes or among age groups. Although the diet was observed to be diverse, the primary dietary component of both sexes, all ages, and throughout the year appears to be land snails, indicating their great significance as a source of food.

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次代の若手研究者・学生が目指すべき道～哺乳類学の先輩と語ろう～

池田敬, 内田健太, 松本悠貴, 小林峻, 渋谷未央, 水口大輔, 東城義則

哺乳類科学 ( 日本哺乳類学会 ) 58 ( 1 ) 85 - 86 2018年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Regional differences in mammalian pollinators of Mucuna macrocarpa (Leguminosae): A review

Kobayashi S.

Tropical Natural History ( Tropical Natural History ) 18 ( 2 ) 135 - 145 2018年 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

西表島におけるカンムリワシによるヤエヤマセマルハコガメの捕食事例

小林峻, 伊澤雅子

Akamata 27 25 - 28 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

沖縄島の破風墓より見つかったミナミヤモリの大型卵塚

小林峻, 長嶺隆, 中谷裕美子, 伊澤雅子

Akamata 27 1 - 6 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

次世代の哺乳類学を担う若手研究者・学生の積極的な交流の展望～自由集会の企画とアンケート結果をもとに～

池田敬, 松本悠貴, 内田健太, 小林峻, 渋谷未央, 水口大輔, 東城義則

哺乳類科学 ( 日本哺乳類学会 ) 57 ( 1 ) 91 - 97 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

日本哺乳類学会2016年度大会において，著者らは若手研究者や学生の学識的な交流の場を提供することを目的とした自由集会を開催し，本集会の効果や同年代での交流の必要性を調べるアンケート調査を実施した．本集会への参加者は約50名にのぼり，学部生から社会人まで幅広い構成となった．アンケート結果では，参加者は学生（学部・修士・博士・研究生）が最も多く，全体の75%を占めた．また，アンケート回答者の88％が集会の内容に満足したと回答し，回答者全員が哺乳類学会において同年代との交流や同年代の哺乳類研究，就職状況等に関する企画が必要であると回答していた．他の学会と比較し，哺乳類学会は若手研究者や学生間での交流が限られているため，これらの年代を対象とした企画は人材育成の場や研究発展の場として貢献すると考えられる．その一方で，アンケート結果は参加者の所属や所属地域による偏りがあり，参加者の専門は多岐にわたっていることから，若手研究者や学生の全体的な意見を反映していない可能性がある．そのため，幅広くアンケートを実施し，学会に所属する多くの若手研究者や学生のニーズを汲み取った学会運営が望まれる．

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Effect of wildfire on the occurrence of three squirrel species in a dry dipterocarp forest in northeastern Thailand

Kobayashi Shun, Placksanoi Jumlong, Taksin Artchawakom, Aryuthaka Chittima, Izawa Masako

MAMMAL STUDY 42 ( 4 ) 259 - 263 2017年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

絶滅危惧種ケナガネズミの飼育下における日周活動

平城達哉, 小林峻, 金城輝雄, 大宜見こずえ, 新城あかり, 並里忍, 二又川杏奈, 比嘉源和, 中西希, 伊澤雅子

動物園水族館雑誌 59 ( 1 ) 7 - 16 2017年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The activity patterns of two captive endangered Ryukyu long-furred rats, Diplothrix legata, （ one male and one female ），were observed for 2 years at the Okinawa Zoo and Museum in Japan. Throughout the year, emergence from the nesting box coincided with sunset and the rats returned to the nesting box before sunrise. In both individuals, the active time was longer and the proportion of moving behavior to the total activity was significantly greater during the breeding season（September to February ）than during the non-breeding season. In addition, the proportions of grooming and short rest in the nesting box during the active time were significantly smaller during the breeding season for the female. These results suggest that activities outside the nesting box increase during the breeding season.

Squirrel pollination of Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) in Taiwan

Shun Kobayashi, Tetsuo Denda, Chi-Cheng Liao, Shu-Hui Wu, Yu-Hsiu Lin, Masako Izawa

JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY ( OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC ) 98 ( 2 ) 533 - 541 2017年03月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Explosive opening is an important process for pollination of Mucuna flowers. It is generally triggered by an animal pollinator specific to each Mucuna species. Although Mucuna macrocarpa has been reported to be pollinated by a nectar-eating bat, the distributional ranges of this plant and that of the nectar-eating bats do not overlap completely. Previous research suggested that this plant could be pollinated by other species depending on the region. In Taiwan, where nectar-eating bats are absent, 2 species of squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus and Tamiops maritimus) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) were recorded as explosive openers. Of these 3 species, C. erythraeus was the most frequent and successful visitor-it opened the flowers in the same manner as nectar-eating bats. The other 2 species successfully opened only a few flowers and were therefore less effective pollinators. However, these opened flowers were subsequently visited by several insects, suggesting that the actions of the mammalian pollinators might have contributed to pollen transfer. Our data indicate that explosive openers of M. macrocarpa are not highly specialized and vary among the regions depending on the local fauna. Hence, this species, characterized by the explosive opening mechanism, is pollinated by different mammal species and insects in different regions.

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『日本のサル―哺乳類学としてのニホンザル研究』　辻大和・中川尚史編　東京大学出版会　2017年5月刊　4800円（税別）（336ページ）

小林峻

霊長類研究 ( 一般社団法人　日本霊長類学会 ) 33 ( 2 ) 103 - 104 2017年

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

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Population Dynamics and the Effects of Temperature on the Eggs of the Seawater-dispersed Stick Insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae).

Kobayashi S, Usui R, Nomoto K, Ushirokita M, Denda T, Izawa M

Zoological studies ( BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER, ACAD SINICA ) 55 e20 2016年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although the stick insect Megacrania tsudai cannot fly, its eggs are dispersed by seawater, which allows the species to distribute itself widely via the ocean. The life history of this non-volant insect that establishes settlements by egg dispersal remains poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the population dynamics and effects of temperature on the eggs of M. tsudai through field observation in near the northern limits of the distribution and laboratory experiments. In the wild, all instars appeared over a period of several months, with a larger proportion of first instars emerging from December to March, and a greater number of adults being observed from June to August. Laboratory experiments showed that the hatching rate of M. tsudai was not different between conditions of 25 and 30 degrees C, whereas it was significantly lower at 20 degrees C. The egg-development period was shorter when eggs were maintained under high temperature conditions, and longer for eggs kept at 20 degrees C. The effective cumulative temperature was estimated as 1561.5-2000.0 degrees C, and the developmental zero was estimated as 12.2-13.9 degrees C. The peak appearance of the first instar in the laboratory, which was used to obtain an estimate for the effective cumulative temperature and peak appearance of adults in the wild, was not entirely accurate because the peak appearance of the first instars in the wild was not consistently observed when the estimation indicated that they should appear. Megacrania tsudai is a univoltine near the northern limit of its distribution, and temperature has a strong effect on its egg development. Our estimation of population dynamics by laboratory experiments did not exactly predict what was observed in the field and it may be controlled by other factors. However, our findings indicate that the limiting factor of the distribution of this species is likely the effect of temperature on egg hatching.

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特定外来生物セイヨウオオマルハナバチの沖縄県における初記録

傳田哲郎, 佐々木健志, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子

Fauna Ryukyuana 29 1 - 4 2016年04月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Apidae), is a serious invasive alien bee that is listed among Japan’s Worst 100 Invasive Alien Species (The Ecological Society of Japan, 2002). In June 2013, B. terrestris was observed visiting flowers of Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) within the Nishihara campus of University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Although escaped individuals of B. terrestris have been reported from almost all over Japan, this is the first record of this species in Okinawa Prefecture.

Pollination partners of Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) at the northern limit of its range

Shun Kobayashi, Tetsuo Denda, Shigehiko Mashiba, Toshitaka Iwamoto, Teruo Doi, Masako Izawa

PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY ( WILEY-BLACKWELL ) 30 ( 4 ) 272 - 278 2015年10月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mucuna macrocarpa is a plant found in tropical and subtropical regions that requires an explosive opening. Explosive opening is the process that exposes the stamen and pistil from the opening of the carina. This process is needed for cross pollination; however, the plant cannot open itself and opening by an animal is needed. The most common opener of Mucuna flowers is several nectar-eating bats (e.g., Syconycteris), but the flying fox, Pteropus dasymallus, is the only opener of M.macrocarpa on the subtropical island of Okinawajima. Here, we present the explosive openers and possible pollinators in the northernmost and temperate Kamae region, Kyushu, Japan, where nectar-eating bats are absent. The Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata, and the Japanese marten, Martes melampus, were the explosive openers observed during our survey in Kamae. Martens opened flowers using their snout in a manner similar to that of the flying fox, whereas macaques opened flowers using their hands. This is the first time that an animal has been observed opening these flowers with its hands rather than snout. In total, 97% (n=283) of explosively opened flowers were opened by macaques, and the macaque largely contributed to the overall flower opening. Because many pollen grains become attached to the explosive openers, they are considered to be primary pollinators. Furthermore, two bee species, Apis cerana japonica and Bombus ardens ardens, also visited opened flowers and collected pollen, and they were possibly secondary pollinators.

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カマエカズラ（マメ科）の送粉パートナーとしてのニホンザルの獲得：拡大造林政策の間接的影響

小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 傳田哲郎, 真柴茂彦, 土肥昭夫, 岩本俊孝

霊長類研究 ( 日本霊長類学会 ) 31 ( 1 ) 39 - 47 2015年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) is a vine plant that is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as in a limited region around a village in Kamae within Kyushu, Japan, although no seeds were observed in this region until the late 1970s. This species requires a pollination partner for seed setting, which was recently found to be the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) in Kamae. We hypothesized that the recent seed setting observed is related to the change in the distribution of the Japanese macaque in recent years as a result of the afforestation policy introduced in the 1950s-1960s. The changes in afforestation activity, distribution of the Japanese macaque, and human population dynamics were investigated. Interviews with villagers revealed that Japanese macaques had seldom appeared in or near the village until the 1960s, but have frequently been observed within the village since the 1970s-1980s, which corresponds to the same period of time when the appearance of M. macrocarpa seeds was first noted. Depopulation and the decrease in farmers and foresters that occurred at the same time as afforestation might have enabled macaques to enter and settle in the village. One reason for the 10-year time lag between the first appearance of Japanese macaques and afforestation could be that the macaques only began to move out of the forest once the conifer forest had grown to a certain level. These results suggest that the afforestation caused a change in the distribution of Japanese macaques, allowing them to exploit M. macrocarpa flowers as a new food item. Consequently, afforestation might have indirectly caused seed setting of M. macrocarpa in Kamae.

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Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in the stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)?

Kobayashi S., Usui R., Nomoto K., Ushirokita M., Denda T., Izawa M.

Ecological Research 29 ( 6 ) 1025 - 1032 2014年12月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

Although insects expand their distribution by various ways, generally only the adult phase has been taken into consideration in research on dispersal. In Megacrania tsudai, it has been proposed that eggs are dispersed through seawater. To test this hypothesis, eggs were treated under normal condition (NC) on wet cotton swabs, and marine condition (MC), floating on salt water for 30, 60, 90, and 365 days. In addition, eggs in the NC and MC treatment groups were dissected every 10 days to verify the developmental stage. The hatching rates in the NC and MC treatment groups were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. However, the egg period, time from laying to hatching, in the MC treatment group was significantly longer than that in any other treatment groups. The egg period was lengthened when the floating period on seawater was longer. The time of the start of egg development was similar in the NC and MC treatment groups, but the developmental speed was slower in the MC treatment group. These results support that M. tsudai can expand its distribution by dispersing its eggs through seawater, probably thanks to specific characteristics of eggs that allow their survival when they float in the sea.

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ノグチゲラSapheopipo noguchii（キツツキ科）によるウジルカンダMucuna macrocarpa（マメ科）の盗蜜

小林峻,傳田哲郎,伊澤雅子

Strix 30 135 - 140 2014年06月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

石垣島と西表島より採集された日本初記録の樹上性甲殻類・マルベンケイガニ（甲殻亜門：十脚目：短尾下目：ベンケイガニ科）

西垣孝治, 比嘉高明, 小林峻, 谷本拓夢, 長井隆, 成瀬貫

Fauna Ryukyuana 5 1 - 7 2013年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The arboreal sesarmid crab, Labuanium scandens Ng & Liu, 2003, is recorded from Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Labuanium scandens was described and had previously been known only from Taiwan. This report represents the first record of this species from Japan and also the first record outside Taiwan. The distributional range of L. scandens is extended to the east. Morphological and ecological features of L. scandens, as well as discriminative characters with congeners, are documented. Potential threats to the habitat of L. scandens are briefly discussed.

琉球諸島におけるオカヤドカリ類（甲殻亜門: 異尾下目）の花蜜食と花粉媒介の可能性

東和明, 小林峻, 伊澤雅子, 成瀬貫,傳田哲郎

沖縄生物学会誌 51 51 - 56 2013年05月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The present study records nectar-feeding behavior of the land hermit crabs, Coenobita spp., for the first time. Small individuals of Coenobita spp. are observed licking nectar with the aid of chela from flowers of several coastal plant species. In the case of Chamaesyce sparrmanni on Minamidaito-jima Island, pollen grains were attached on the shell surface and cephalothoracic appendages (Antennule, Antenna, chelipeds, and ambulatory legs) of small individuals of feeding Coenobita spp. It is possible that small individuals of Coenobita spp. are contributing to the pollination of E. sparrmanni by their nectar-feeding activity.

Feeding behavior of the Orii’s flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, on Mucuna macrocarpa and related explosive opening of petals, on Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Toyama C., Kobayashi S., Denda T., Nakamoto A., Izawa M.

Mammal Study 37 ( 3 ) 205 - 212 2012年09月 [ 査読有り ]

掲載種別: 研究論文（学術雑誌）

The role of the Orii’s flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, in the reproduction of Mucuna macrocarpa was investigated through captive and wild observations on Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. When Orii’s flying-fox fed on flowers of M. macrocarpa, it pushed its nose to the basal portion of the flowers to feed on nectar. This caused the hard petals of flowers to explode and consequently opened the carina. When a flying-fox’s face pointed in the same direction as a flower, there was a significantly higher explosive opening rate compared with approaches from the side or the opposite direction (χ2 test; P < 0.001). In total, in the captive setting, 32.2% of the flowers exhibited explosive opening. During such events, stamens with pollen and pistils emerged and attached to the throat and forehead of the flying-fox. Other main flower visitors were the brown-eared bulbul, the Japanese white-eye, the Japanese bush warbler, and the honeybee, but they did not stimulate explosive opening. These observations demonstrate that the Orii’s flying-fox is the only explosive opener and the primary pollinator of this flower. On the other hand, flying-foxes sometimes damaged flowers. However, this does not appear to be a serious problem for M. macrocarpa, which has a large number of flowers.

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